A luggage tag; from the private collection of Grzegorz Rogowski;
MS Piłsudski in New York; an excerpt of the film Pictorial story of
the Historical Maiden Voyage of the MS PIŁSUDSKI from the collection
of the National Film Archive—Audiovisual Institute of Poland
Gdynia—Copenhagen—Halifax—New York (Hoboken) was the main MS Piłsudski route. The ship embarked on her transatlantic maiden voyage leaving the port of Gdynia on Sunday, September 15, 1935, with 710 passengers onboard, including many special guests. GAL, the ship owner, made sure this maiden voyage receive due attention of the Polish and international press. No other event in the economic endeavors of the Second Republic of Poland gathered more press coverage.
The MS Piłsudski maiden voyage
commemorative medal; from the collections of
the National Maritime Museum in Gdańsk
The envelope posted from MS Piłsudski, 1935,
from the collections of the National Maritime
Museum in Gdańsk
The GAL offices at the Kronenberg
palace in Warsaw; from the private
collection of Jerzy Drzemczewski
GAL had issued two commemorative medals: one with the image of MS Piłsudski from her maiden voyage, and the other one for the passengers of the subsequent voyages, available in the ship’s gift shop.
Passengers could send letters and postcards from the ship. A series of postal cards with pictures of the ship and her interiors, and the special stationery with stamps showing the image of MS Piłsudski.
GAL modernized its sales network to match the needs of the modern ocean liner. GAL had its branch offices in Warsaw, Copenhagen, and New York.
A luggage tag from the private collection of Grzegorz Rogowski;
The welcoming of MS Piłsudski in New York; an excerpt of
the film Pictorial story of the Historical Maiden Voyage of the MS Piłsudski
from the collection of the National Film Archive—Audiovisual Institute of Poland
At the beginning of her career, MS Piłsudski was festively greeted in every port of entry by Poles and the locals, who gathered to see the fastest, and the most technically advanced ship of the Baltic.
The welcoming of MS Piłsudski in Copenhagen;
a photo from the private collection of Jerzy Drzemczewski
The oldest living Polish Americans; an excerpt
of the film Pictorial story of the Historical Maiden
Voyage of the MS Piłsudski from the collection
of the National Film Archive—Audiovisual Institute of Poland
A holly mass celebrated on the occasion
of MS Piłsudski welcoming in Montreal;
from the private collection of Jerzy Drzemczewski
A group of instructors of the Polish Scouting
Union onboard MS Piłsudski; a photo
from the National Digital Archive
During her first voyage to New York, at the stop in the port of Copenhagen, a large cheering crowd gathered to welcome the most advanced motor ship of the Baltic. Many in the cheering crowd had followed with great interest the development of the Polish oceanic passenger navigation which began with the purchase of the Danish Baltic America Line in 1930.
On her arrival in the port of New York, the ship was greeted by thousands, including delegations of Polish Americans from 102 regions of Polish settlement in the United States. The large crowds were the effect of an appeal to the Polish Americans issued by the World Union of Poles. At the welcoming ceremony, the US and Polish anthems and the song of the First Brigade were performed.
A six thousand strong crowd was awaiting MS Piłsudski in Montreal toward the end of the North American cruise in September 1938. The ship was greeted in port by scouts, students, war veterans and members of various Polish-American organizations. People were throwing flowers on the deck of the ship from the Cartier Bridge. Those waiting on the pier had national flags of Poland, some wearing national folk costumes. It was a special event in Canada and the local papers noted no other ship had ever been greeted as cordially.
The Piłsudski ocean liner attracted great interest among the Polish population. While resting in the ports, it was open for touring, for a fee. Delighted touring groups were well received by the crew and were spending hours onboard. During the ship’s 4-day stay in the port after her maiden voyage, 12 thousand people toured MS Piłsudski.
MS Batory—the MS Piłsudski
twin ship during a storm; the photo from
the collections of the National Digital Archive
Despite all her advantages and the pride she gave Poland, MS Piłsudski was not free of defects. During her first voyage to New York, the stormy Atlantic revealed a number of structural flaws of the ship. It turned out that the ship was prone to diving into waves with her bow and taking dozens of tons of water onboard. A storm caused damage to the onboard equipment and the main deck sunk by about a foot in some places.
Batory—the Piłsudski twin ship
during a storm; a photo from the
collections of the National Digital Archive
Captain Mamert Stankiewicz; a photo from
the private collection of the Wójcikiewicz family
The tonnage and draught of MS Piłsudski were well suited for passing through Danish sounds but made the ship utterly defenseless against storm waves—each reaching the bow with impunity and endangering the crew on the deck with being swept out into the sea. Later it was revealed that the heel exceeded the allowed thirty degrees—a misery for the crew, on and off duty. It was even worse with maneuvering. “Pisudski” seemed to obey only Captain Mamert Stankiewicz. It gave great trouble to the pilots. It flustered even the most experienced navigators. But…despite the deep hidden frustration, we were proud of her…*
*Karol Olgierd Borchardt, The Sea Shaman
Initially, all the damage caused by the stormy crossing was blamed on the captain, Mamert Stankiewicz. Even though officially he was on a medical leave for stomach flu he contracted while returning from New York, the rumor had it that the captain was moved to the transatlantic liner Pułaski for disciplinary reasons. However the experts opined that MS Piłsudski was damaged not because of the captaint’s fault, but due to insufficient resistance of the ship to the stormy conditions of Northern Atlantic. Mamert Stankiewicz returned to his post.
A luggage sticker from the Museum of Emigration in Gdynia; the ice
covered deck of MS Piłsudski during the winter crossing, 1936;
a photo from the private collection of the Wójcikiewicz family
Winter crossings of MS Piłsudski were also navigationally challenging because of the icing of the ship. The photos of the ship during the January/February 1936 crossing show the ice covered decks, masts and railings of the liner. They became the taste of the day appearing in the Polish and international press. Stormy and frosty weather changed the ship into an icy piece of art.
The ice-covered Piłsudski during
the voyage to New York; from the private
collection of Grzegorz Rogowski
The stormy, frosty weather caused the water of the waves flooding the decks of Piłsudski to freeze almost instantaneously. The slush on the ship turned into a 20-inch thick layer of ice.
A luggage sticker; from the collections of the Museum of Emigration in Gdynia;
MS Piłsudski passengers during a tea break, the lagoon at Nassau,
the Bahamas capital; a photo from the private collection of Jerzy Drzemczewski
The winter/spring severe weather challenges of the North Atlantic prompted GAL to take advantage of the favorable conditions of the Caribbean and use the ship as a cruise liner during that time. Cruises for American tourists significantly helped the owners bottom line. In 1936 only, the Polish flagship completed twelve cruises while her twin ship Batory made eight. Combined, the two Polish flagships entertained 14,853 tourists during that season.
A stay in port of call during the cruise
of 1935; from the collections of the National
Maritime Museum in Gdańsk
Piłsudski during a Norwegian fjords
cruise; from the private collection
of Grzegorz Rogowski
A promotional brochure; from the collections
of the Maritime Museum in Gdańsk
The Piłsudski in the Bermuda; from the private
collections of the Wójcikiewicz family
MS Piłsudski embarked on her first cruise with American tourists on February 4, 1936. It was a 7-day event during which the ship visited Bermuda and the Caribbean: the Bahamas and Cuba. To adapt the ship standards to the requirements of American tourists, all the sea weed mattresses had to be replaced with innerspring mattresses and the distinction of two passenger classes was dropped.
Piłsudski also cruised to the Norwegian fjords and to the capitals of Baltic states. These summer cruises offered by GAL were quite popular with tourists.
Christmas and New Year’s Eve onboard the Polish ocean liner was another attraction offered by GAL. Leaving the perilous northern region of the Atlantic, Piłsudski began a series of tourist journeys with the Christmas and New Year’s Cruise. The first one, in 1936, attracted 500 tourists bringing in 71 thousand dollars. Thus GAL made a splash in the North Atlantic market.
Despite the added cost of raising the standards of comfort on the ship and employing additional staff for the cruise routes, this venture turned out to be GAL’s business success. The ticket price was not the only cost incurred by passengers. They also spent money in the bars, gaming rooms, gift shops, hair salons, laundry room, phone booth, and paying for services of the onboard photographer. During the port stays, passengers participated in short tours of the port and the environs.
Loading malt into “Piłsudski’s” holds; a photo from
the private collection of Jerzy Drzemczewski
Transporting goods and mail was an important operational component of the Polish ocean liner. The ship’s holds were able to carry 4 thousand tons of cargo. In 1936 alone, on the Gdynia—New York crossing Piłsudski and Batory carried 41664 tons of goods in both directions, of which 32229 was export. This was a consequence of Polish economic growth and a significant increase in Polish-American trade.
Loading a passenger’s automobile;
from the private collection
of Jerzy Drzemczewski
Unloading passenger airplanes Lockheed
L-14 Super Electra brought from the USA;
from the collections of the National
Digital Archive of Poland
Loading mail onto MS Piłsudski, 1936;
from the collections of the National
Digital Archive of Poland
Apart from their luggage, passengers could bring their automobiles on their journey. Some carried agricultural and food products such as ham, apples and malt, also furniture, copper, machines and industrial equipment.
MS Piłsudski brought to Poland from the USA passenger airplanes Lockheed L-14 Super Electra purchased by PLL LOT for their European lines.
Mail was an important and profitable load carried by Piłsudski, adding to the attractiveness of the New York line. The ship owners fiercely competed for postal services, and GAL, with their two modern liners since 1936 had a competitive edge and, in addition to contracts with the Polish Postal Service, became an important player in the delivery of Scandinavian mail as well.
Piłsudski during her voyage; an excerpt of the film Pictorial story
of the Historical Maiden Voyage of the MS Piłsudski;
from the collections of The National Film Archive—Audiovisual Institute of Poland
At the outbreak of war on September 1, 1939, on the way back from New York, Piłsudski found herself in the area of the Orkney Islands in the British territorial waters. The captain received the order to moor at Wallsend near Newcastle and disembark the passengers. The ship was announced to be taken over by the Navy with her crew remaining under its command.
master mariner; National Archive in Gdansk
On September 1, I received an unconcealed telegram sent from London. It contained an order for me to head for Newcastle on Tyne and to let the passengers off the ship. When, following the order, I covered 70 miles, I was redirected to Cromarty by 2 British aircraft, which circled the ship and with vigorous movements ordered me to turn around. On September 2, I reported to the admiral in Cromarty and found out that I managed to elude three submarines which had laid an ambush for “Piłsudski.” On the same day, the admiral issued an order for me to head for Newcastle.
Lidia Potykanowicz-Suda, Marcin Westphal, “Tracing
the Seamen”, National Archive in Gdańsk
A sheet from the calendar; from the collections
of the National Maritime Museum in Gdańsk
Sailors on the Piłsudski; from the private
collection of the Wójcikiewicz family
At 8 AM Piłsudski moored in Wallsend without disembarkation rights for the crew or the passengers. Foreign tourists were gradually disembarked but 545 Poles (315 crew members and 230 travelers) remained onboard for another three weeks. Terrified by the situation in Poland, uncertain about the future, and worried about their loved ones back home, these people were getting tragic news by radio from Poland every day.
The crew rebelled against being trapped on the ship and because of delays in payment of their compensation. Their despair was exacerbated by the fact that they became incorporated into the military and they would receive only 15% of their pay (the remainder to be escrowed until the end of war). Absence of Captain Mamert Stankiewicz, on leave during this passage, didn’t help. He was substituted by his older brother, Captain Jan Stankiewicz. Upon his return, Captain Mamert Stankiewicz was able to contain the crisis. The Polish crew were paid the remuneration originally agreed on.
A view of the KNF-1 convoy from the Sun Deck of
the Piłsudski twin, MS Batory; a newspaper
photo from the private collection of Grzegorz Rogowski
On November 11, 1939 MS Piłsudski was transferred, as temporary charter, to The British Ministry of Shipping turned into The Ministry of War Transport. At the Wallsend shipyard near Newcastle, the ship was adapted to serve as a troop carrier. Within three months Piłsudski was ready for her first military mission.
“Batory”, the twin of MS Piłsudski
after it was repainted; from the private
collection of Grzegorz Rogowski
A similar 102 mm gun was installed on
MS Piłsudski; from the private
collection of Jerzy Drzemczewski
The ship’s hull was camouflage painted in light gray hew, GAL’s emblems were taken off the funnels, most of the portholes were covered, Some of the internal partitions were taken down to increase the transport capacity of the ship.
Valuable and flammable parts of the Piłsudski equipment were removed. Most of the furniture and pieces of art were deposited in the port warehouses. The cabins got additional bunk beds, hundreds of special hammocks were installed (by the day folded and put away in cabinets). Officers travelled in the tourist class cabins whereas non-commissioned officers were in the third class accommodations. Thus, the ship was able to carry two thousand troops.
A 102 mm caliber gun was installed on the rear deck, along with a few light antiaircraft guns. They were serviced by the crew members who received a brief, several-day shooting training at the Royal Navy Center. Part of the rear railing was removed to enable the launch of depth charges. The crew was reduced to 160, including 7 British soldiers who handled the military equipment.
Aby rozpocząć przeglądanie strony wybierz: